Cardiac surgery, also known as cardiovascular surgery, is the surgical treatment on the heart or great vessels such as the aorta and the vena cava. Surgeons conduct cardiac surgery to repair damaged structures in the heart, implant medical devices to aid the heart and treat heart diseases. Some of the common types of cardiac surgery are open-heart surgery, coronary artery bypass grafting, heart transplant and minimally invasive surgery.A cardiovascular surgeon may operate to treat:

• coronary artery diseases
• blockage in the heart valve(s)
• leaking heart valve(s)
• aneurysms of the large arteries
• heart failure
• atrial fibrillation

Thoracic surgery involves organs in of the chest but excludes the heart and great vessels. The organs treated in thoracic surgery include lungs, oesophagus, trachea and the chest wall.Thoracic surgery addresses various types of conditions such as:

• lung cancer
• tumours and benign growths in the lungs
• oesophageal cancer
• achalasia
• gastroesophageal reflux
• mesothelioma
• lung infections
• chest reconstruction after major trauma or surgery
• hyperhidrosis
• pleural diseases
• lung transplantation for end-stage diseases of the lung
• tracheal resection or stent insertion for airway narrowing

Congenital cardiac surgery corrects most heart defects that have been present since birth in babies and young children. These heart defects can involve problems in the interior walls of the heart, the valves, the arteries and veins that supply blood to or from the heart.Examples of congenital heart defects are:

• transposition of the great arteries
• ventricular septal defects
• hydroplastic left or right heart syndrome
• atrial septal defects
• coarctation of the aorta

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